Colic is one of the most common — and most feared — emergencies in horses. While the word “colic” simply means abdominal pain, the causes range from mild gas to life‑threatening twists. The key to protecting your horse is recognising the early signs before the condition becomes severe. This guide explains what to look for, what’s normal, and when to call the vet immediately.
1. What Is Colic?
Colic refers to pain in the horse’s abdomen. Common causes include:
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Gas build‑up
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Impaction
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Sudden feed changes
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Dehydration
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Parasites
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Twisted intestine (surgical colic)
Early detection dramatically improves outcomes.
2. The Earliest — and Often Missed — Signs of Colic
1. Subtle Behaviour Changes
These are easy to overlook:
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Quiet or withdrawn
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Not greeting you as usual
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Restless shifting of weight
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Looking slightly uncomfortable
Trust your instincts — you know your horse’s normal behaviour.
2. Reduced Appetite
A horse refusing feed or hay is a red flag. Even slowing down while eating can indicate discomfort.
3. Reduced Droppings
Fewer droppings or dry, hard droppings suggest an impaction.
4. Mild Pawing
Not dramatic, but repeated gentle pawing can be an early sign.
5. Watching the Flank
A horse repeatedly glancing at their belly is signalling discomfort.
3. More Obvious Signs of Colic
1. Rolling or Attempting to Roll
Rolling repeatedly or violently is a sign of severe pain.
2. Kicking at the Belly
Indicates significant abdominal discomfort.
3. Sweating Without Exercise
A major warning sign.
4. Stretching as if to Urinate
Often indicates gas or impaction colic.
5. Rapid Breathing or Elevated Heart Rate
Pain increases heart rate — a serious sign.
4. What To Do If You Suspect Colic
1. Call Your Vet Immediately
Do not wait to “see if it passes”. Colic can escalate quickly.
2. Remove Feed
Take away hay and hard feed until your vet arrives.
3. Walk the Horse (If Safe)
Gentle walking can help relieve gas and prevent rolling. Do not exhaust the horse.
4. Check Vital Signs
If you can safely do so, check:
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Heart rate
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Respiration
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Temperature
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Gum colour
Share this information with your vet.
5. Keep the Horse Calm
Stress worsens symptoms.
5. How to Reduce the Risk of Colic
1. Maintain a Consistent Routine
Horses thrive on predictability.
2. Provide Plenty of Forage
Supports gut health and prevents impaction.
3. Make Feed Changes Slowly
Over 7–14 days.
4. Ensure Constant Access to Fresh Water
Dehydration is a major colic trigger.
5. Regular Dental & Worming Care
Poor teeth and parasites both increase colic risk.
6. Encourage Movement
Turnout and exercise keep the gut functioning.
6. When Colic Is an Emergency
Call your vet immediately if your horse:
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Is rolling violently
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Has no droppings for 12+ hours
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Has a high heart rate
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Has dark or red gums
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Shows severe pain
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Doesn’t improve within 30 minutes
Fast action saves lives.